Emilia Mataix Ferrándiz

El presente artículo se centra en la capacidad de las madres viudas para ser tutoras de sus hijos durante el reinado de
Diocleciano (284-305 d.C.).
El creciente número de rescriptos escritos por mujeres en este periodo nos ha llevado a
plantearnos las características de la tutela impuberum (en adelante, tutela) en relación con las madres viudas de esta
época. En este trabajo, se delinearán los elementos que caracterizaban la tutela antes del gobierno de Diocleciano, para
luego describir los rasgos de esta institución durante su mandato, y así evaluar los posibles cambios existentes en la
época. Muchas de las fuentes analizadas constituyen documentos que muestran la interacción entre el sistema legal
romano y otros sistemas prevalentes en algunas áreas del imperio. Estas fuentes nos muestran como sujetos privados
interactuaban con la autoridad romana, pidiendo soluciones a conflictos que surgían del contacto entre sistemas legales
existentes en las diversas zonas de un gran imperio.

This article focuses on the capacity of the widowed mothers too be guardians of their sons during the reign of
Diocletian (284-305 AD). The increasing number of rescripts written by women in this period has led us to consider the
characteristics of tutela impuberum (hereinafter, guardianship) for widowed mothers at this time. This work will outline
the elements that characterized the guardianship before Diocletian, to later describe the features of this institution during
his term, and thus evaluate the possible changes of this at the time. Many of the sources analysed constitute documents
that show the interaction between the Roman and other legal systems prevalent in some areas of the empire. These
sources show us how private subjects interacted with the Roman authority, asking for solutions to conflicts that arose
from the contact between existing legal systems in the various areas of a big empire.

The supply of drinking water has been rarely mentioned in Classic legal
sources. Perhaps because under the high Empire, aqueducts and cisterns were enough to supply the empire’s population. Although the general assumption that the aqueducts stop working during the late empire is not totally correct, it is true that a large part of Roman aqueducts were abandoned and they stop working during the late empire. However, it is remarkable that in 391, Theodosius wrote a letter to Ricomer while he was at the West, to warn him about the pollution of the rivers after legions’ activity and discharges of animals. So Theodosius was worried about the impact this had on the consumption of drinking water. It is even more noticeable that this provision was retained in both the Theodosian and the Justinian Code, a sign that the rivers had acquired a new role in late antiquity. This note’s aim is to make a brief reflection about the change in drinking water supply in late antiquity, and therefore on the conception of rivers as public and basic resources in that era.

The aim of this work is to study the commercial activity of Mediterranean ports during the first three centuries of the Roman Empire. There has been an increase in the last years in the amount of ancient port studies, increasingly showing that ports cannot be viewed in isolation, or simply in relation to the sea (Keay: 2012). That conception has been the impetus for the development of interdisciplinary studies carried out on several ports (e.g. Portus, Baelo Claudia, Narbonne). Archaeologists have recovered many Roman-era port structures revealing the multiple functions of these constructions (e.g. administrative, legal). However, regarding the available evidence of these structures, almost nothing is found in recent publications that tells us how a port worked, what its output was, how wholesale and retail sales were transacted, or what sort of accounting and registration of the transactions took place at ports. These gaps in the research are partly due to the lack of consideration of the legal framework in relation to commerce and distribution, and especially concerning the merchandise that was distributed between ports. 
In order to try to answer questions such as these, this study seeks to understand the commercial procedures taking place across the interconnected port-systems from the Mediterranean in the period from 1st through the 3rd cent. AD. This research focuses on the commercial inscriptions, which I have labelled as scripta commercii. These inscriptions recorded essential data (e.g. owner, weight) from the contracts agreed by the parties, the diverse controlling procedures carried out, and the itinerary traced by the container from the departure until the arrival to destination, among other things. My work evidences a model concerning the commercial cycle in which artefacts moved from the point of manufacture and purchase (e.g. kilns) until their arrival at a specific destination (e.g. port, market). This model will be applied to three main case studies concerning the functions of sale, transport and control performed on the distribution of merchandise from port to port.
These three case studies will reveal different features of the contracts used for the distribution of goods for both retail and state supply, and of the roles played by the different actors involved in distribution. Every legal decision made by anyone engaged in maritime trade would have been driven by one overarching agenda, namely to reduce the risk of the venture failing. The study of the contracts of sale and lease & hire through material and textual evidence will highlight the flexibility of these contractual schemes, which can be adapted to different situations depending on the agreements established by the parties. In addition, these three case studies, and especially the one concerning control, will question the relation between private and public in the Roman Empire, reassessing the roles of private subjects for the Annona distribution. Finally, the three case studies bridge the gap between the legal schemes provided by Roman jurists and the daily commercial practices performed by merchants.

El ius naufragii suponía una de las prácticas marítimas perpetradas en el mediterráneo antiguo. Del examen de ésta se puede deducir que para el extranjero no existía tutela alguna sino sacral respecto a los ataques de otras comunidades, y aún menos para el náufrago, al cual se consideraba como un individuo “que había sido  bandonado por los dioses”.
Con el paso del tiempo, se comenzaron a llevar  a cabo algunas practicas de caracter contractual entre  comunidades del mediterraneo para favorecer el tráfico y las relaciones comerciales.
La victoria de Roma en las guerras púnicas y su consiguiente hegemonía en el mediterraneo llevaron al pueblo romano a tratar de paliar las actividades piraticas que acontecían en el mediterraneo e impedían su desarrollo comercial.
La actio de naufragio conformaba una medida pretoria surgida en el último siglo de la república para penalizar los supuestos de rapere, dolo malo recipere o damnum dare cometidos con ocasión de sucesos como el incendio, la ruina el naufragio o la nave expugnada, por los que el individuo se encontraba
condicionado a un estado de debilidad e indefensión. La actio recogía características como la pena in multiplum o la noxalidad, por lo que se revelaría como una medida de tipo penal de represión de las conductas recogidas en el supuesto.
Este edicto, recogido en el título del digesto 47, 9 nos muestra el alcance de la represión penal en derecho romano con respecto a estas practicas y confirma el caracter consuetudinario de las practicas marítimas de la antiguedad.

The legal history of sea trade helps us to understand our maritime law. It explains why the law has become what it is, why some legal remedies were appropriate to avoid or reduce risks, and why some of them are still on use nowadays (e.g. general average). As part of a customary and transnational tradition, sea trade practices constitutes a rich source of experience, which is as valuable for the development of modern maritime law as for its reforms. This talk aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and intends to understand what kind of communication was established between lawyers and merchants. By connecting material remains and legal texts, it is possible to appreciate that the works of Roman jurists sometimes reveal that these subjects were not quite aware of what was going on in commercial practices. There are two interconnected queries that indicate the limitations of this study: What is the relationship between Roman law and the society that produced it? How far can we see of that relation in the material evidence? There are two divergent academic views on the issue: on the one hand, the scholars who think that Roman jurists just created law for the elite, and that consequently it does not reflect many elements of society, and on the other hand, these who think that there was a close relationship between law and society. However, both views have just benefitted of a study on the written sources, ignoring what concerns the material evidence, what can cast a light in this issue. To that aim, I will merge ancient legal sources and the archaeological record in order to understand if there was a relation within the rulings established by law and the materials and structures used in the practice. An interdisciplinary study of sources is necessary, and that in fact, the study of Roman law by itself reveals that Roman lawyer' s approach to law was mostly pragmatic, resulting in the creation of an instrument to be used in very different settings. In this talk, I will focus upon one concrete case study in order to illustrate the different issues of studying the communication and transmission of knowledge established between merchants and jurists.

All along the Roman Empire, Baetica was known to have exported huge quantities of oil to Rome from the age of Augustus onwards inside the Dressel 20 amphora. The inscriptions written on these amphorae varied across time, according to the way that the distribution was organised and financed. The epigraphic record of these artefacts reveals a detailed written formula in which it is possible to understand the role of that commodity for public supply and the agents involved in its distribution. In relation with that, that written apparatus reflects the changes suffered during the different periods in which this amphora was used to furnish olive oil to Rome in relation with the annona supply. Especially, from the Severan period onwards, these writings reveal how the emperor was undertaking liability for shipping these oil cargoes to Rome. However, the highest peak for the oil distribution was not reached during the Severan but in the Antonine period. Some scholars have been asserting for many years that the oil distribution from Baetica was completely managed by the Roman government, diminishing the importance of private subjects in distribution, and ignoring the role of the locationes or contracts by which these goods were collected and distributed. These locationes were used to keep imperial involvement in these ventures, but entrusting much of the work to private entrepreneurs or contractors. As has been described above, the inscribed apparatus of the Dressel 20 amphorae shapes an intricate formula that reflects the changes in the administration of the distribution of oil supplies.
Apart from studying the epigraphy of these amphorae, the present communication will compare them to the changes of the writings held in other commodities, such as marble blocks or ingots. The first aim of this paper is to understand the role of the locationes used in public distribution, and their differences with lease and hire contracts. Secondly, my aim is to highlight the main traits of public distribution and its changes through time, contrasting material and textual evidence. The inscriptions of products related to public supply reveal a large network, which ensured that the tasks agreed for gathering and shipping the goods were performed through a well-organised administrative machinery. Thus, the epigraphy of the artefacts studied, and especially the Dressel 20 amphorae reveal economic phenomena taking place in particular moments of the Empire, and help us understand the management of their distribution and the logic of the operations lying behind their inscriptions.

Nowadays, roman sea trade has been studied considering different sources of evidence, such as pottery, and through diverse theoretical approaches such as New Institutional Economics or network analysis. All these methods have their strengths and limitations, as for example, the systematic study of amphorae limits the understanding of  commerce just for specific areas or products.
In addition, even if different authors have used Roman legal texts as describing some features of commerce, they have not considered the legal framework surrounding the different procedures involved in trade. Overall, one of the problems of the archaeological methods when studying sea trade is to mainly focus on the materials and not on the subjects interacting with them.
My work inside the Portus Limen project is based on the study of the epigraphy of merchandise (e.g. amphorae, barrels, etc), which reflects the commercial cycle in which the artefact was involved since it was bought (e.g. kilns, workshops) and until it arrived to a destination (e.g. port, market). These inscriptions, which reflect data such as product, merchant, or quantity, shape a record and provide essential information about the agreements of sale and transport by sea performed by the
parties involved in trade. Consequently, with the help of these inscriptions and other sources as legal or iconographic, I reconstructed a model of the procedures of distribution to understand the itinerary
followed by merchandise setting sail from one port to other. The activities described do not just depict the activity of the ports of the Mediterranean, since when considering other regions of the Roman world, a number of these distribution stages can be identified in the different sources, materials and port structures. There were, therefore, geographical variations in the implementation of these procedures, but overall these activities happened throughout the Roman world. This model has been created considering all the elements which can be present at any port (e.g. warehouses, docks), and its locations (e.g. mouth of a river, implying transhipping in some occasions). This is to say that not just the enormous structures of the main Mediterranean ports such as Portus fit inside this model. Ports had contrasting structures, which were build according to their function, to the features of the land or the city to which these port was associated. However, we can gather something common to all them: the procedures taking place to sale, control, transport and store the cargoes setting sail and arriving
there. In that way, the use of the model of the cycle of procedures of ports helps us understand their peculiar features with the help of a common prism. This communication aims to describe that model of the procedures taking place from a port of departure until a port of destination, considering the model described beforre. That model allows
appreciating landscape as a place where procedures performed in trade, and the legal framework of them, were controlled and protected by the law of the Empire and other local legal systems being also applied (e.g. Hellenistic, Jewish). This research intends to study the commercial activities taking place in these sites linked to both the infrastructures and materials associated. I have labelled this method as “juridical archaeology”, and it proceeds beyond the legal text and begins to investigate explanations and causal connections between the reconstructed facts, the material remains and their outcome in the
excavated site. Juridical archaeology focuses on archaeological sites where legal activities took place occurred (contracts, control by the authorities of the empire, trials, taxation), and it attempts to
analyse and explain the causal links between the legal facts reconstructed through the material remains. The analysis of the procedures performed in these sites, and in the places where the goods
were found will help to understand not just the distribution but also the risks and charges assumed by the merchant and the shippers. Consequently, this approach considers trade from a bird’s-eye view,
focusing on the people involved in the transactions performed along the shores and understanding them as interacting activities between the privates, the imperial and provincial authorities.

The material remains of Roman wrecks and their corresponding cargoes help characterized the mechanisms employed in trade in the Roman Imperial era. The merchandize traded through these ports was a key element for the agreements of sale and lease and hire. Part of the elements of these contracts, as well as of the mechanisms and principles of Roman law that guided them, are evidenced though the inscriptions written in merchandise. This approach challenges the model proposed by Nieto in 19881, describing the notions of “main” and “complementary” cargoes. This theory just considers the value of the goods, and not the importance of the cargo or the role of law to shape the commercial relations held by the parties in trade. In addition, his theory was just focused on the point of view of the shipper, but not on the merchant who was shipping a whole cargo or part of it through a sailing route. Through the evidence of the cargoes from different wrecks and the material record evidencing the agreements sale and transport, I will differentiate among diverse scenarios of distribution. This communication will also consider the role of the port systems, where the connectivity of their structures was key to ensure the movement of ships and their cargoes. In this context, the value of structures that forced to the transhipment of goods, or the existence of warehouses are looked at in terms of the elements to be considered by the parties when loading a shipping and before setting sail. In sum, port systems play also a part in the shipping agreements concluded by the parties involved in commerce, as the evidence of the epigraphy of merchandise and the legal sources will show. I will first challenge the idea of a hierarchy of importance of the elements inside a cargo using the evidence of Roman legal sources and epigraphy of merchandise describing trade agreements. Secondly, I will use the conclusions of the first point to study some concrete examples of wrecks from different areas and trading routes. Overall, I argue that there was no such thing as a ‘typical’ cargo and those different materials were transported and sold in different ways. To the questions that I address here could be more than one right answer, in fact, as many as varieties of transport that trade needed to keep on functioning and that the wide scope of Roman law welcomed.

Between materials and texts: new perspectives on sea transport and lease and hire The case study addressed in this chapter explores epigraphy of merchandise in relation with transport, gaining a view of Roman seafaring infrastructure and linking issues such as risks in travelling by sea and deliverance of the cargoes loaded. This implies a revision of these inscriptions against the background of the contract of lease and hire (locatio conductio). This was the main contract employed in Roman times to deal with the issues related to navigation. Despite the fact that the contract of lease and hire was examined in forensic detail by Roman jurists of the Classical period (I-III cent AD), issues such as the management of risks, damages or who was in charge for the loading or unloading of the cargo at the departure and arrival are still unclear. This presentation will address the common underlying elements and issues of lease and hire, and will analyse and compare the different commercial inscriptions and study their implications in the contract of lease and hire depending on its purpose and in the procedures in which these contracts were implied. I will look at lease and hire in a more transversal view, as a single kind of agreement with different purpose. To the questions that we address here could be more than one right answer, in fact, as many as varieties of transport that trade needed to keep on functioning and that the wide scope of Roman law welcomed.

This presentation will show how the patterns of the inscriptions found in merchandize (scripta commercii) consist on the material expression of the procedures employed in trade. Tracking operations in which scrip-ta commercii were involved considers their itinerary from the moment they were bought until they arrived at their destination. Amongst the wide range of sources considered to shape these proceedings, we have to highlight legal, iconographic, epigraphic and archaeological materials. This work aims to depict a general model of these procedures that happened recurrently in the ports of departure and destination of the cargo. The topographical and circumstantial aspects of each port (e.g. trade networks and routes or the controls of the port) would have defined the particularities of it in relation with that unitary focus that the model provides. I will show how the Roman state protected trade through the framework of law, and how Roman jurists encouraged common-sense solutions to the constant challenges of trade and travel in a dangerous world.

Although archaeologists have recovered many Roman-era port structures, trade in the ancient world is still poorly understood.  What can inscriptions written on everyday stuff such as pots or barrels tell us about commerce in the Roman Empire?  One way to approach this material is through the prism of Roman law. Like trade itself, Roman law was an integrating element in a Mediterranean world consisting of radically different cultures. The topic of study is the epigraphy of merchandize, and targets inscriptions which we have labelled as scripta commercii. This term refers to the inscriptions on artefacts reflecting the commercialization procedures in which the object is involved.
This presentation will show how patterns in mercantile inscriptions suggest a special commercial language, which fostered connections between different cultures and consist on the material expression of the procedures employed in trade. Understanding the cycle of procedures through the study of scripta commercii and other material evidence, provides a unitary focus to understand how trade was performed at the different Mediterranean ports. We will see a model of procedures taking place on different areas, protected by the Roman authorities through the framework of law, and how Roman jurists encouraged common-sense solutions to the constant challenges of trade and travel in a dangerous world.

Ferrándiz, University of Southampton. " A material dialogue: An approach to Roman commerce through the evidence of inscriptions " Although maritime archaeologists have recovered many Roman-era shipwrecks, trade in the ancient world is still poorly understood. What can inscriptions written on everyday stuff such as pots or barrels tell us about commerce in the Roman Empire? One way to approach this material is through the prism of Roman law. Like trade itself, Roman law was an integrating element in a Mediterranean world consisting of radically different cultures. This presentation will show how patterns in mercantile inscriptions suggest a special commercial language, which fostered connections between different cultures and eased the flow of transactions. We will see how the Roman state protected trade through the framework of law, and how Roman jurists encouraged common-sense solutions to the constant challenges of trade and travel in a dangerous world. Join the UNT Classics Collegium on Facebook for regular updates on local events about the ancient world!

In the " upstairs, downstairs " series from 1971, the stories depict the lives of the wealthy Bellamy family ("upstairs"), who reside at 165 Eaton Place in London's fashionable Belgravia, and their servants ("downstairs"). For the aim of this talk, we will let behind the social distinctions from the Edwardian era to focus on the division into freemen and slaves 1 (so characteristic of Gaius); the dichotomy between honestiores and humiliores, and other attributions related to status in the criminal law of Roman imperial times. Despite the fact that we will deal with the relation within the status of the criminals and the penalties, we will not deal with the features of the penalties themselves. My intention in this short communication is to discuss the source located in D. 47, 9, 4, 1. 1. Paul. 54 ad ed. Divus Antoninus de his, qui praedam ex naufragio diripuissent, ita rescripsit: "Quod de naufragiis navis et ratis scripsisti mihi, eo pertinet, ut explores, qua poena adficiendos eos putem, qui diripuisse aliqua ex illo probantur. Et facile, ut opinor, constitui potest: nam plurimum interest, peritura collegerint an quae servari possint flagitiose invaserint. Ideoque si gravior praeda vi adpetita videbitur, liberos quidem fustibus caesos in triennium relegabis aut, si sordidiores erunt, in opus publicum eiusdem temporis dabis: servos flagellis caesos in metallum damnabis. Si non magnae pecuniae res fuerint, liberos fustibus, servos flagellis caesos dimittere poteris". Et omnino ut in ceteris, ita huiusmodi causis ex personarum condicione et rerum qualitate diligenter sunt aestimandae, ne quid aut durius aut remissius constituatur, quam causa postulabit.

L' édit de incendio ruina naufragio rate nave expugnata. Origine et contexte juridique Les turbulences sociales de la décennie des 70 av. J.-C. ont fait de la violence un thème edictal récurrent. Certains de ces changements dans l'édit ont été chronologiquement datés, comme la formula Octaviana (79 av. J.-C.) ou l'edictum de hominibus Armatis coactisve et vi bonorum raptorum (71 av. J.-C.). Cependant, l'édit de incendio ruina naufragio taux nef expugnata (D. 47, 9), qui rassemble certaines caractéristiques similaires à ces édits, reste non daté et mal étudié. La recherche de communication actuelle est de contextualiser et d'analyser les principales caractéristiques de cette disposition prétorienne. Pour les objectifs de cette recherche, nous aborderons une révision de toutes les dispositions adoptées à cette époque, ainsi qu'une analyse exégétique du titre édictal et autre titres reliés. Cette étude devra faire face à un autre type de questions connexes comme le rôle des juristes à la fin de la République, le développement de l'édit de préteur, et surtout, les solutions imposées par la loi prétorienne pour faire face à des situations de violence. Le sujet révise des solutions prévues pour des situations de vol commis dans le cadre des situations violentes comme l'incendie, le naufrage ou la ruina. L'analyse du ce phénomène touche différentes thématiques : le risque dans la navigation, la force majeure, le cas fortuit, ou les différences entre deperditio ou derelictio, etc. Finalement, cette étude approfondie des caractéristiques et circonstances de cet édit prétorien aidera à caractériser cette phase de la république romaine au cours de laquelle plusieurs événements ont affecté la création du droit.

The former title is an invitation to search along the Mediterranean shorelines that compose the context of research of the Portus limen project . The Mediterranean is an intricately patterned kaleidoscope. The mass of water is sometimes regarded as a border and a site of violent cultural conflict, but alternatively as a bridge or road, linking all who lived on its shores. In an Empire as big as that of Rome, one of the elements that speaks most strongly about its relatively high level of integration was the commerce that took place along its different shores.

The lex Rhodia de iactu (Rhodian law about jettison, i.e., about throwing goods overboard in order to
lighten and consequently save the vessel) is the subject of title 14.2 of the Digest, which includes
commentaries by several jurists upon an enigmatic Rhodian law apparently about jettison, but also
tackling other problems in navigation law, including fiscal issues. The treatment of partial jettison of
cargo is essentially known today as “general average,” an institution incorporated in the York and
Antwerp Rules (Rule XIV) as a legal principle of maritime law. The rule of jettison was mainly
transmitted through medieval codifications, such as the French Rôles d’Oleron (VI) and the Spanish
Consulat de Mar (CXVIII). According to this principle of “general average” the parties in a sea venture
proportionally share any losses resulting from a voluntary sacrifice of part of the ship or cargo to save
the whole in an emergency. Dig. 14.2.1 Paul. 2 sent. insists on the idea that if the property were
sacrificed for the benefit of others, the loss should also be shared. Concerning this subject, in our
opinion it could be interesting not just to study the transmission of the guidelines of the Lex Rhodia
through other regulations and codifications, but also to analyse the different ways of treatment of the
cases by the different rules, beginning with the treatment of the matters on a case-by-case basis by the
Roman jurists, to the general application of the consuetudinary principles by the medieval codifications,
this will show us not just the importance of the guidelines fournished by the Lex Rhodia, but also how
consuetudinary practices were transmitted through legal dispositions in the Ancient Mediterranean.

La fornitura di acqua potabile è stata raramente menzionata nelle fonti giuridiche Classiche. E forse perché sotto l'alto Impero, acquedotti e cisterne erano a riempire sufficientemente la popolazione dell'Impero. Invece, sebbene l’assunzione generale che le acquedotti smettono di lavorare durante il tardo impero non è totalmente corretta (Martinez Jimenez, 2011; 2012), è vero che una grande parte dei acquedotti romani vengono abbandonati e lasciano di lavorare nel tardo impero. Specialmente nelle province, quando la élite ha perso il suo potere politico ed economico, e non c’ erano abbastanza risorse o incentivi politici per la sua manutenzione e riparazione (Liebeschuetz, 1992).
Tuttavia, è notevole che nel 391, Teodosio ha scritto una lettera a Ricomer durante l'esecuzione di chirurgia in Occidente, per mettere in guardia contro l'inquinamento dei fiumi dopo campi legioni e gli scarichi di animali (soprattutto cavalli) nel fiume. Teodosio era poi preoccupati per l'impatto che questo fatto aveva avuto sul consumo di acqua potabile a valle.  È ancora più degno di nota che questa disposizione è stata mantenuta e il Codice Teodosiano e il Codice Giustiniano, segno che i fiumi avevano acquisito nella tarda antichità un nuovo ruolo. Un altro problema sarebbe la trasmissione delle fonti giuridiche, che può essere un motivo per il quale si conservano questi testi e non altri, ma questo soggetto dovrebbe essere trattato in maniera molto sommaria. 
In questa nota, il nostro proposito e fare una breve riflessione sul cambiamento nella fornitura di acqua potabile nella tarda antichità, e quindi della concezione dei fiumi come un risorse pubbliche e basiche nell’ epoca, fino al secolo VI, dove si inquadra il frammento Giustinianeo. Per questo motivo, i testi anteriori e classici come quelli di Frontino e le fonti archeologiche saranno una fonte essenziali per determinare il cambiamento di questo uso

Traditionally, the place of oratory in Roman law has been approached from two not really unrelated points of view: its place in Roman litigation and the possible influence of rhetoric in Roman jurisprudence and its methodology . Taking as starting point both approaches, I would like to focus on three main aspects, also connecting it with the age of Augustus. Those selected aspects are: the impact of the Augustan Lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum, which affected the judicial procedure; the second aspect is the effects of the so-called “Augustan Classicism”  (concerning the debate about style in oratory) in the language employed in Roman litigation. The third aspect is the influence of rhetoric in Roman jurisprudence and its methodology. All these points relate oratory and Roman law, focusing on the Augustan age. The concise revision of these matters may show some particular features from law and procedure of the Augustan period, but it is clear that the breadth of these subjects has resulted in many of these matters being summarised. This paper will examine in a general way some traits of the way of dealing with these problems in this era.

This volume features 28 articles concerning the finds and theories on Roman frontiers, collected in honour of Lindsay Allason-Jones (hereinafter, AJ). AJ has been at the forefront of Roman frontier study for 40 years through a career focused on understanding the life and stories lying behind the material finds. The essays included here address this topic in both general and particular ways, and despite some heterogeneity, they cover a broad range of issues that allow the reader to achieve a comprehensive vision of the anthropology of the Roman Limes. The volume is nicely produced, with some colourful plates at the end that readers might easily risk overlooking given that there is no list of illustrations nor index in the book. This work will be of interest to specialists in the topics covered, but also to amateurs who can find in these different snapshots a way to understand life on the Roman frontier. – The introductory note by the editors (p. 1-4) gives an account of the achievements of AJ, but also establishes the overall argument that AJ has been a sort of " fixture " of objects found in the Limes. It is not new to conceive that archaeologists are storytellers, and this has been exactly the achievement of AJ, to recover several material finds through the Limes to provide the necessary elements for constructing the record of the past. This interpretation of the scholar's work gives the volume its structure, which is one composed of different articles which provide complementary approaches to studying life on the limes, granting us a wide perspective of frontier life. The first article of the volume follows an order a maiore ad minus. W.H. Hanson proposes to revise the nature and function of the frontier. Hanson's contribution provides the essential context to locate the small finds analysed in the following essays. He tells us that the frontier can be conceived as both geographical and ideological notion and employs both the archaeological and textual record to study the complex and wide conception of limes. From my point of view, this article is key to furnish a context to the rest of the contributions. – Manning (p. 11-17) analyses in his contribution a narrower area of study: one concerning the smith and his role in the Roman army. The case of the smith is a useful parallel for studying also the character of other professionals in the military context, and other ways of provisioning the military units. Manning employs both archaeological evidence (as the Vindolanda tablets) and the textual record (Vegetius, Digest). As for many topics of research this raises more questions than answers, but makes one point clear, which is that the Roman army was certainly well furnished. – The articles provided by Hodgson (p. 18-28) and Greene (p. 29-36) can be related to each other. Both concern family daily life in the military fort as evidenced through small finds such as objects that can be identified as of female use and shoes found in camps. This image of families taking an active role in the daily life of a military fort is becoming more prominent in Roman military studies. Also, Carol van Driel-Murray's interpretations of feminine objects (p. 206-216), through comparing the Museum of London's 'leather bikini' with other known finds, allows exploration into the perspective of ordinary people and their daily concerns via ordinary objects. – The contribution of Croom (p. 37-48) is a catalogue of finds from outside the southwest gate of South Shields Roman fort, not entering into anthropological detail, but describing technically the archaeological details of the findings. The next segment of articles focuses on the sculpture and monuments of 97922_Latomus_14-231.indd 1 24/12/15 08:30

El pasado enero de 2014, en el Almo Collegio Borromeo, tuvo lugar la undécima edición del Collegio di diritto romano, promovido y organizado por el Centro di studi e ricerche sui diritti antichi (Cedant) del IUSS de Pavia. Como en años precedentes, se trata de una experiencia significativa en el panorama internacional, ya que se selecciona a 15 becarios para asistir al curso, procedentes de diversos países y áreas de estudio. Durante el curso, los becarios han podido asistir a los seminarios desarrollados por estudiosos de reconocido prestigio en sus especialidades. El curso se ha desarrollado en tres ciclos semanales, dedicados respectivamente a diversos aspectos del periodo dioclecianeo. Tales son los títulos de los bloques: il governodelìimpero: strutture e politiche; cultura, potere e Diritto; y por último, Diritto e organizzazione giudiziaria. Para todos éstos, se preveía la intervención de los profesores:

El objetivo de este póster es estudiar la actividad comercial de los puertos romanos mediterráneos durante los tres primeros siglos del Imperio. Esta investigación se centra en las inscripciones escritas en la mercancía como ánforas o barriles y su estudio en relación con las fuentes del derecho romano. Las inscripciones sobre objetos comerciales se refieren a los productos, a las partes involucradas en su producción y distribución, y al transporte de estos objetos, y necesitan ser estudiadas relacionándolas con los esquemas legales aplicables en el comercio. Esta visión permite asociarlos a categorías amplias como propiedad, responsabilidad u obligación. La relación entre estas inscripciones que se refieren a diferentes datos como peso, nombre del vendedor, marcas de control, etc., se esconde detrás de los fenómenos de una economía política, los monopolios, la propiedad o la responsabilidad procedentes de los acuerdos celebrados entre las partes. Uno de los elementos que habla con más fuerza de un nivel relativamente alto de integración del Imperio Romano es el comercio realizado a lo largo de diferentes costas del Mediterráneo. Parte de estas prácticas comunes se muestran en las inscripciones sobre los objetos, que deben ser revisados con la ayuda de fuentes legales romanas para entenderlos en el contexto del comercio.

La relación entre estas inscripciones que se refieren a datos diferentes como el peso o el nombre del comerciante permite desentrañar un lenguaje comercial empleado por las partes involucradas en el comercio. La existencia de patrones en la forma de inscribir objetos y reflejar ciertos tipos de información muestra que existían ciertas prácticas estándar empleadas en el comercio que permitían conectar diferentes culturas a través del comercio. Esta es entonces una prueba de la integración del proceso de inscripción de la mercancía a lo largo del Mediterráneo para permitir el flujo de transacciones. No hay duda de que las prácticas comerciales estaban protegidas conjuntamente por el gobierno romano a través del marco jurídico, ampliadas y comentadas por los juristas romanos para considerar soluciones pragmáticas a las cuestiones diarias comerciales.

In an Empire as big as that of Rome, one of the elements that speaks most strongly about its relatively high level of integration was the commerce that took place along its different shores. However, merchants faced the experience of legal pluralism and conflicting legal regimes when they traded over huge distances. As part of a transnational and practical tradition, long-distance commercial relationships relied partly on abstract systems of trust, which provided certainty to commercial relations when the institutional framework was inefficient. Ancient Rome saw the proliferation of such abstract systems-money, standardized measurement, law, technology, and so forth-that profoundly affected people's lives from the most public settings to the most intimate. However, the imperfect communication or lack of contract enforcement pondered by Roman authorities should not be seen as a structural deficit but as an opportunity, which enabled merchants to enforce their interests and shape their strategies. 3. Aim (describe what the students will gain from the course) The course provides a multidisciplinary approach to the history of Roman trade. Its main purpose is to chart and analyse the Roman trading experience during this period through close study of material evidence and juristic literature. Rather than providing a narrative of the development of trade as part of Roman history writ large, this work explores how commercial procedures were performed when distributing goods, how these procedures were reflected in the merchandise, and what that tells us about law and its interaction with the daily practices used in trade. Students will see that the development of Roman trade was deeply interwoven with the current legal, cultural and spatial spheres involved in commercial contexts. The multifaced approach to the history of trade and the economy facilitates our understanding of the institutional and practical strategies of the individuals involved in commerce and the possible implications of their performances in the economy. 4. Content (topics and themes covered) The class surveys the archaeology of Aegean prehistory, Classical and Hellenistic period through frontal lectures and group discussions.

Ports and harbours are parts of settlements tightly intertwined with the development of maritime trade networks. However, past studies have often analysed them in isolation or in a unidimensional way. This has often lead to oversimplified conclusions where ports are perceived as self-evident inter-connected nodes without further analysis of local nuances nor the complex hierarchy of sites that existed at regional levels. Current scholarship is transcending this approach by expanding the study of ports, seeing them now as part of a larger system of settlements that occupy liminal positions between land and water. The concept of connectivity needs to be applied in order to fully understand the way in which ports function, not only within the maritime transport system, but also in relation to the hinterland that surrounds them. Taking into account these advancements, the time is ripe to further explore the development and roles of ports and harbours within larger landscapes of maritime networks systems in different regions of the world. This session invites researchers to present current projects dealing with this subject without any limitations to regions or time periods. We particularly welcome interdisciplinary projects that include approaches from archaeology, geo-archaeology, history, epigraphy, iconography, ethnography, and environmental sciences.

The Institute of Urban Research at the University of Helsinki is Finland's first multidisciplinary action center focused on urban research. The aim of the institute is to achieve international excellence in urban research, teaching urban research and promoting the social impact of experts in the field and of research.

The Institute's main task is to respond to the complex challenges created by decades of urbanization. The Urban Research Institute brings together people, knowledge and ideas from different disciplines. In addition to the Academy's internal cooperation, the Institute aims to improve interaction with the rest of society.

Ineligible

In advance of the construction of the Transbay Transit Center in San Francisco, archaeologists carried out standard excavations and recovered many 1000s of artifacts and features. Fifty-four boxes of artifacts deemed by the authorities to be of no cultural or historic value (in their terms “ineligible”) were signed over the Doug Bailey at San Francisco State University. In collaboration with Portuguese sculptor Sara Navarro, Doug has sent out over 80 assemblages of artifacts to artists, archaeologists, cultural producers, and creators with the basic art/archaeology instructions: disarticulate the objects from their archaeological contexts; repurpose those objects as if they were raw materials and then make new creative work with them; and make that work so that disrupts or engages a current issue or challenge of political or social focus.

The creative work produced will feature on this website, and a selection will be installed in April 2020 at the International Museum for Contemporary Sculpture in Santo Tirso (Portugal) as part of the exhibition Creative (un)makings: Disruptions in Art/Archaeology that Doug and Sara will co-curate.

For details about the disarticulate-repurpose-disrupt methodology and logic, see DW Bailey 2017 Disarticulate – repurpose –  disrupt: art/archaeology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27(4): 691-701. 

For more information about the International Museum of Contemporary Sculpture in Santo Tirso follow this link:
http://miec.cm-stirso.pt/en/