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Saara  Kupsala
  • My research has covered studying the status of farmed animals from sociological perspectives, exploring the categoriz... moreedit
Dissociating meat from its animal origins has been considered a central strategy omnivores employ to sustain their meat consumption despite their concerns for animal welfare. In recent years, the dissociation strategy has become... more
Dissociating meat from its animal origins has been considered a central strategy omnivores employ to sustain their meat consumption despite their concerns for animal welfare. In recent years, the dissociation strategy has become increasingly contested as short food-chain movements promote consumer contact with farmed animals as a means to more ethical eating. This article examines how different groups of Finnish consumers construct the meat–animal link based on focus groups with gastronomes, hunters, organic consumers, rural women, and supermarket customers. The theoretical approach is based on Noëlie Vialles’s concepts of the sarcophage and zoophage logic of meat eating and on the literature on animal categorization. Supermarket customers preferred to dissociate meat from the animal, while gastronomes and rural residents regarded the presence of the animal in meat as important for its quality. Hunters valued game meat highly as animals were transformed into meat through their own effort. Although rural women and some organic consumers personalized certain farmed animals due to their proximity, these animals were still edible and killable. The research suggests that challenging dissociation does not in itself necessarily imply an increased moral valuation of animals if the objectification of animals is not confronted.
Mental capacities are an essential basis on which people give moral concern to nonhuman animals. Hence, it is important to investigate public perceptions of animal mind and the factors underlying these perceptions. Although research into... more
Mental capacities are an essential basis on which people give moral concern to nonhuman animals. Hence, it is important to investigate public perceptions of animal mind and the factors underlying these perceptions. Although research into citizen beliefs in animal mind has been increasing, population-based studies utilizing multivariate methods have been scarce. In this article, public perceptions of animal mind are investigated with a nationwide survey in Finland (n = 1,824). Eight animal species positioned differently in cultural categorizations are included in the analysis. Dogs were ascribed the most capacities, followed by cows, pigs, wolves, and elk. Citizens expressed a low belief in the mental capacities of chicken, salmon, and shrimp. Classifying animals as companions, food, and threat influences the perceptions of animal mind. Young age, having a companion animal, valuing societal equality, and concern for animal welfare and for animal utilization are connected to a greater belief in animal mind.
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Citizen attitudes and opinions form an important driving force for improvements in the ethical status of farm animals in society. Hence, it is important to understand how attitudes to farm animals vary in society and what factors,... more
Citizen attitudes and opinions form an important driving force for improvements in the ethical status of farm animals in society. Hence, it is important to understand how attitudes to farm animals vary in society and what factors, mechanisms and social processes influence the development of these attitudes. In this study we examine the relative importance of socio-demographic background, animal related experiences and social-equality attitudes in the formation of attitudes to farm animals in Finland. The research is based on a nationwide survey (n = 1890). Our research findings suggest that female gender, young age, urban residency, a non-farming background and social-equality attitudes are linked to greater concern for farm animals. A farming background, valuing social equality, and gender have the strongest connections to farm animal attitudes, followed by age and place of residence. Having a companion animal and education level have a relatively modest connection to attitudes to farm animals. In order to accumulate comparative evidence of social-group differences in attitudes to farm animals, further research should continue to develop improved indicators for attitudes to farm animal welfare and rights. Moreover, explanations for social-group differences in citizen attitudes to farm animals should be subjected to further empirical testing.
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This paper explores citizens’ views about the welfare of farmed fish and the mental abilities of fish with a large survey data sample from Finland (n = 1,890). Although studies on attitudes towards animal welfare have been increasing,... more
This paper explores citizens’ views about the welfare of farmed fish and the mental abilities of fish with a large survey data sample from Finland (n = 1,890). Although studies on attitudes towards animal welfare have been increasing, fish welfare has received only limited empirical attention, despite the rapid expansion of aquaculture sector. The results show that the welfare of farmed fish is not any great concern in the Finnish society. The analysis confirms the distinct character given to farmed fish compared to traditional farmed animals. Salmon are rated low in their mental abilities, including the capacity to feel pain, which may weaken ethical concerns for fish welfare. When analyzing the social determinants surrounding the rating of the welfare of farmed fish, it was shown that fish welfare attitudes follow general animal welfare attitudes regarding age and place of residence as fish welfare tends to be rated more negatively among younger age groups and among urban residents. However, no clear connection could be identified between gender and the rating of fish welfare, which may suggest that the distinct cultural categorization of fish diminishes the typical gender difference identified in animal attitudes. It is concluded that in order to improve awareness about fish welfare, there is a need to increase dissemination of scientific knowledge about fish and their welfare. Moreover, further research should be directed toward studying the moral positioning of fish and the distinct moral categorization they receive.
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Viime vuosina keskustelu tuotantoeläinten hyvinvoinnista on voimistunut. Samalla on lisääntynyt kiinnostus kuluttajien eläinasenteita kohtaan. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan laajan kyselyaineiston avulla (n = 1890) suomalaisten käsityksiä... more
Viime vuosina keskustelu tuotantoeläinten hyvinvoinnista on voimistunut. Samalla on lisääntynyt kiinnostus kuluttajien eläinasenteita kohtaan. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan laajan kyselyaineiston avulla (n = 1890) suomalaisten käsityksiä tuotantoeläinten hyvinvoinnista ja tuotantoeläinten asemaan vaikuttavasta kulutuskäyttäytymisestä. Tavoitteena on tuoda uutta perustietoa akateemisen ja yhteiskunnallisen keskustelun tueksi. Tulosten mukaan suomalaiset arvioivat eläinten hyvinvoinnin nykytilaa poro-, nauta- ja lammastaloudessa myönteisesti, mutta sika- ja siipikarjatuotannossa eläinten hyvinvointi nähdään kielteisemmin. Eläinten hyvinvoinnin yksityiskohtaisessa arvioinnissa korostuu eläinten luonnollinen elämä ja yksilöllinen hoito, mutta tämä heijastuu todelliseen kulutuskäyttäytymiseen vain vähän. Tutkimus vahvistaa, että sukupuolella, iällä ja asuinpaikalla on yhteys tuotantoeläinasenteiden muotoutumiseen: naiset, nuoret sekä kaupunkilaiset suhtautuvat eläinten hyvinvoinnin tasoon kriittisimmin. Kaupungistuminen, sukupolvimuutos ja eläintuotannon erkaantuminen traditionaalisen eläintuotannon kuvastosta voimistanevat eläinkysymyksen politisoitumista suomalaisessa yhteiskunnassa edelleen. Vastakkaiset kehityskulut asettavat kasvavan yhteiskunnallisen haasteen määritellä elintarvikejärjestelmän eläineettiset reunaehdot.
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Trust in animal farming is a complex phenomenon and it is expressed in heterogeneous ways in different cultural contexts. Nordic countries are typically known as high-trust societies in terms of food issues. Based on group interviews... more
Trust in animal farming is a complex phenomenon and it is expressed in heterogeneous ways in different cultural contexts. Nordic countries are typically known as high-trust
societies in terms of food issues. Based on group interviews among Finnish consumers, this paper explores how citizen–consumers express trust and distrust regarding animal farming practices and whether it is possible to identify different forms of trust among different consumer groups. The foundations of emotional trust in animal farming have been weakening due to urbanization and the structural change in agriculture. Ordinary shoppers responded to this situation by transferring responsibility for farm animal welfare to public authorities, relying on habitual policy-generated trust in animal farming. In contrast,
gastronomes and organic consumers actively cultivated their emotional trust in livestock production by creating new kinds of contacts to farming. Gastronomes, organic consumers and vegetarians especially acknowledged the complexity of the claims made in farm animal welfare politics. As trust in food has arguably become a subject of active negotiation in Finland, the foundations for the habit-based policy-generated trust may be partly
weakening, creating more space for the politicizing of food issues and the developing of alternative sources for regaining trust in food production.
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Download (.pdf)
Download (.pdf)
Download (.pdf)
Viime vuosina kasvanut yhteiskuntatieteellinen eläintutkimus on tuottanut myös sosiologisia analyysejä eläinten yhteiskunnallisesta merkityksestä sekä ihmisten ja eläinten välisistä suhteista. Tässä artikkelissa kartoitamme tätä... more
Viime vuosina kasvanut yhteiskuntatieteellinen eläintutkimus on tuottanut myös sosiologisia analyysejä
eläinten yhteiskunnallisesta merkityksestä sekä ihmisten ja eläinten välisistä suhteista. Tässä artikkelissa
kartoitamme tätä sosiologiseksi eläintutkimukseksi kutsumaamme uutta tutkimusalaa: sen keskeisiä
kysymyksenasetteluja ja teoreettisia lähestymistapoja sekä sosiologialle tarjoamia mahdollisuuksia.
Keskeinen teema tutkimusalueella on eläinten ambivalentti asema niin hoivan ja huolenpidon kuin välineellisen
hyödyntämisen kohteina. Kysymystä ambivalenssista on avattu purkamalla eläimen ja ihmisen käsitteitä sekä ihmisyyden, inhimillisyyden ja eläimellisyyden merkityksiä. Eläimet ovat ihmiselle merkittäviä toisia: sekä samanlaisina että erilaisina kuin ihminen eläimet toimivat ihmisten itsemäärittelyn välineinä. Eläimen ja ihmisen välille rakennettu laadullinen ero on kuitenkin aina säilynyt. Ihminen–eläin eron ylläpitoon on tutkimuksissa liitetty kolme teemaa: moraalisen osallisuuden rajaaminen,
sosiaalinen kontrolli sekä eläinten hyväksikäytön mahdollistaminen. Eläinsuhteiden muutoksen analyyseissä
modernisoitumisen on nähty voimistaneen eläinsuhteiden ristiriitaisuutta. Tämä ristiriita on säilynyt oikeuttamisen ja näkymättömäksi rakentumisen prosessien avulla. Myöhäismoderneissa yhteiskunnissa esimerkiksi eläintuotannon riskit ovat horjuttaneet näitä ambivalenssin ratkaisuja. Tämä selittää osaltaan eläinkysymysten politisoitumista.